12月4日，國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦發(fā)表《中國(guó)的民主》白皮書(shū)。

白皮書(shū)說(shuō)，民主是全人類(lèi)的共同價(jià)值，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)人民始終不渝堅(jiān)持的重要理念。100年來(lái)，黨高舉人民民主旗幟，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民在一個(gè)有幾千年封建社會(huì)歷史、近代成為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)的國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)了人民當(dāng)家作主，中國(guó)人民真正成為國(guó)家、社會(huì)和自己命運(yùn)的主人。

白皮書(shū)介紹，中國(guó)的民主是人民民主，人民當(dāng)家作主是中國(guó)民主的本質(zhì)和核心。全過(guò)程人民民主，實(shí)現(xiàn)了過(guò)程民主和成果民主、程序民主和實(shí)質(zhì)民主、直接民主和間接民主、人民民主和國(guó)家意志相統(tǒng)一，是全鏈條、全方位、全覆蓋的民主，是最廣泛、最真實(shí)、最管用的社會(huì)主義民主。

白皮書(shū)強(qiáng)調(diào)，民主是歷史的、具體的、發(fā)展的，各國(guó)民主植根于本國(guó)的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)，成長(zhǎng)于本國(guó)人民的實(shí)踐探索和智慧創(chuàng)造，民主道路不同，民主形態(tài)各異。民主不是裝飾品，不是用來(lái)做擺設(shè)的，而是要用來(lái)解決人民需要解決的問(wèn)題的。民主是各國(guó)人民的權(quán)利，而不是少數(shù)國(guó)家的專(zhuān)利。

白皮書(shū)指出，一個(gè)國(guó)家是不是民主，應(yīng)該由這個(gè)國(guó)家的人民來(lái)評(píng)判，而不應(yīng)該由外部少數(shù)人指手畫(huà)腳來(lái)評(píng)判。國(guó)際社會(huì)哪個(gè)國(guó)家是不是民主的，應(yīng)該由國(guó)際社會(huì)共同來(lái)評(píng)判，而不應(yīng)該由自以為是的少數(shù)國(guó)家來(lái)評(píng)判。實(shí)現(xiàn)民主有多種方式，不可能千篇一律。用單一的標(biāo)尺衡量世界豐富多彩的政治制度，用單調(diào)的眼光審視人類(lèi)五彩繽紛的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。

前言

Preamble

民主是全人類(lèi)的共同價(jià)值，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)人民始終不渝堅(jiān)持的重要理念。
 

Democracy is a common value of humanity and an ideal that has always been cherished by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese people. 

今年是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立100周年。100年前，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨一經(jīng)誕生，就把為中國(guó)人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復(fù)興確立為自己的初心和使命，為實(shí)現(xiàn)人民當(dāng)家作主進(jìn)行了不懈探索和奮斗。100年來(lái)，黨高舉人民民主旗幟，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民在一個(gè)有幾千年封建社會(huì)歷史、近代成為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)的國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)了人民當(dāng)家作主，中國(guó)人民真正成為國(guó)家、社會(huì)和自己命運(yùn)的主人。
 

This year marks the centenary of the CPC. Since its founding in 1921, the Party has taken wellbeing for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its abiding goals, and has made continuous efforts to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. China is a country with a feudal history dating back several thousand years that descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society after the Opium War of 1840. Over the past hundred years, the Party has led the people in realizing people’s democracy in China. The Chinese people now truly hold in their hands their own future and that of society and the country.

中國(guó)的民主是人民民主，人民當(dāng)家作主是中國(guó)民主的本質(zhì)和核心。黨的十八大以來(lái)，黨深化對(duì)中國(guó)民主政治發(fā)展規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)，提出全過(guò)程人民民主重大理念并大力推進(jìn)，民主價(jià)值和理念進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化為科學(xué)有效的制度安排和具體現(xiàn)實(shí)的民主實(shí)踐。全過(guò)程人民民主，實(shí)現(xiàn)了過(guò)程民主和成果民主、程序民主和實(shí)質(zhì)民主、直接民主和間接民主、人民民主和國(guó)家意志相統(tǒng)一，是全鏈條、全方位、全覆蓋的民主，是最廣泛、最真實(shí)、最管用的社會(huì)主義民主。

The people’s status as masters of the country is the essence of people’s democracy. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, with a deeper understanding of China’s path to democracy and the political system, the Party has developed whole-process people’s democracy as a key concept and striven to translate it and relevant democratic values into effective institutions and concrete actions. 

Whole-process people’s democracy integrates process-oriented democracy with results-oriented democracy, procedural democracy with substantive democracy, direct democracy with indirect democracy, and people’s democracy with the will of the state. It is a model of socialist democracy that covers all aspects of the democratic process and all sectors of society. It is a true democracy that works.

民主是歷史的、具體的、發(fā)展的，各國(guó)民主植根于本國(guó)的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)，成長(zhǎng)于本國(guó)人民的實(shí)踐探索和智慧創(chuàng)造，民主道路不同，民主形態(tài)各異。評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)國(guó)家政治制度是不是民主的、有效的，主要看國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層能否依法有序更替，全體人民能否依法管理國(guó)家事務(wù)和社會(huì)事務(wù)、管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，人民群眾能否暢通表達(dá)利益要求，社會(huì)各方面能否有效參與國(guó)家政治生活，國(guó)家決策能否實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)化、民主化，各方面人才能否通過(guò)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)入國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理體系，執(zhí)政黨能否依照憲法法律規(guī)定實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)國(guó)家事務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，權(quán)力運(yùn)用能否得到有效制約和監(jiān)督。

Democracy is a concrete phenomenon that is constantly evolving. Rooted in history, culture and tradition, it takes diverse forms and develops along the paths chosen by different peoples based on their exploration and innovation.

The best way to evaluate whether a country’s political system is democratic and efficient is to observe whether the succession of its leaders is orderly and in line with the law, whether all the people can manage state and social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings in conformity with legal provisions, whether the public can express their requirements without hindrance, whether all sectors can efficiently participate in the country’s political affairs, whether national decision-making can be conducted in a rational and democratic way, whether people of high caliber in all fields can be part of the national leadership and administrative systems through fair competition, whether the governing party is in charge of state affairs in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and whether the exercise of power can be kept under effective restraint and supervision. 

民主不是裝飾品，不是用來(lái)做擺設(shè)的，而是要用來(lái)解決人民需要解決的問(wèn)題的。一個(gè)國(guó)家民主不民主，關(guān)鍵在于是不是真正做到了人民當(dāng)家作主，要看人民有沒(méi)有投票權(quán)，更要看人民有沒(méi)有廣泛參與權(quán)；要看人民在選舉過(guò)程中得到了什么口頭許諾，更要看選舉后這些承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)了多少；要看制度和法律規(guī)定了什么樣的政治程序和政治規(guī)則，更要看這些制度和法律是不是真正得到了執(zhí)行；要看權(quán)力運(yùn)行規(guī)則和程序是否民主，更要看權(quán)力是否真正受到人民監(jiān)督和制約。

Democracy is not a decorative ornament, but an instrument for addressing the issues that concern the people. Whether a country is democratic depends on whether its people are truly the masters of the country; whether the people have the right to vote, and more importantly, the right to participate extensively; whether they have been given verbal promises in elections, and more importantly, how many of these promises are fulfilled after elections; whether there are set political procedures and rules in state systems and laws, and more importantly, whether these systems and laws are truly enforced; whether the rules and procedures for the exercise of power are democratic, and more importantly, whether the exercise of power is genuinely subject to public scrutiny and checks.

民主是各國(guó)人民的權(quán)利，而不是少數(shù)國(guó)家的專(zhuān)利。一個(gè)國(guó)家是不是民主，應(yīng)該由這個(gè)國(guó)家的人民來(lái)評(píng)判，而不應(yīng)該由外部少數(shù)人指手畫(huà)腳來(lái)評(píng)判。國(guó)際社會(huì)哪個(gè)國(guó)家是不是民主的，應(yīng)該由國(guó)際社會(huì)共同來(lái)評(píng)判，而不應(yīng)該由自以為是的少數(shù)國(guó)家來(lái)評(píng)判。實(shí)現(xiàn)民主有多種方式，不可能千篇一律。用單一的標(biāo)尺衡量世界豐富多彩的政治制度，用單調(diào)的眼光審視人類(lèi)五彩繽紛的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。

Democracy is the right of the people in every country, rather than the prerogative of a few nations. Whether a country is democratic should be judged by its people, not dictated by a handful of outsiders. Whether a country is democratic should be acknowledged by the international community, not arbitrarily decided by a few self-appointed judges. There is no fixed model of democracy; it manifests itself in many forms. Assessing the myriad political systems in the world against a single yardstick and examining diverse political structures in monochrome are in themselves undemocratic. 

民主是多樣的，世界是多彩的。在世界文明的百花園里，中國(guó)的民主之花絢麗綻放。中國(guó)愿與各國(guó)交流互鑒、攜手合作，為人類(lèi)政治文明發(fā)展進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)智慧和力量。

In the richly diverse world, democracy comes in many forms. China’s democracy is thriving alongside those of other countries in the garden of civilizations. China stands ready to contribute its experience and strength to global political progress through cooperation and mutual learning.

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民實(shí)現(xiàn)全過(guò)程人民民主

Whole-Process People’s Democracy Under CPC Leadership

中華民族是歷史悠久、勤勞智慧的民族，創(chuàng)造了輝煌燦爛的政治文明。在5000多年歷史長(zhǎng)河中，中國(guó)人民探索形成的民本思想，蘊(yùn)含著豐富的民主因素，體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)人民對(duì)民主的樸素認(rèn)知和不懈追求。但是，在封建專(zhuān)制之下，廣大勞動(dòng)人民始終處于受壓迫受剝削的最底層。近代以后，中國(guó)逐步成為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)，國(guó)家將傾，民族將亡，人民毫無(wú)民主可言。為救亡圖存，中國(guó)人民奮起抗?fàn)帲鞣N革命變革接連而起，各種救國(guó)方案輪番出臺(tái)，但都未能取得成功。辛亥革命后，中國(guó)模仿議會(huì)制、多黨制、總統(tǒng)制等西方政治制度模式的各種嘗試都以失敗告終。以“民主”“科學(xué)”為基本口號(hào)的新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起，俄國(guó)十月革命的勝利，五四運(yùn)動(dòng)的爆發(fā)，馬克思主義在中國(guó)的傳播，促進(jìn)了中國(guó)人民的偉大覺(jué)醒，中國(guó)先進(jìn)分子對(duì)民主有了更加深刻的思考和新的認(rèn)知。
 

China is a diligent and wise nation with a long history. It has created a brilliant political civilization. All of five thousand years ago, ancient Chinese began to explore the concept that people are the foundation of a state. Their ideas contained the seeds of what we know today as democracy. However, over the centuries of feudal autocracy, the people were always the oppressed and exploited underclass.
 

After the 1840s, China gradually descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. There was no popular democracy at all and the country was on the verge of collapse. The people stood up and fought to salvage their country. Revolution and reform were attempted, and many plans for saving the country were introduced, none of which succeeded. 
 

Following the Revolution of 1911, the Chinese people made numerous attempts to introduce the Western political systems, including the parliamentary system, multiparty system, and presidential system, all of which ended in failure. 
 

The rise of the New Culture Movement championing democracy and science, the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement, and the spread of Marxism in China, began to awaken the Chinese people, and progressive individuals gained a deeper understanding of democracy and came up with new ideas.
 

1921年，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立，點(diǎn)亮了中國(guó)的民主之光。新民主主義革命時(shí)期，黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民為爭(zhēng)取民主、反抗壓迫和剝削進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕斗爭(zhēng)，取得新民主主義革命勝利，成立新中國(guó)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)從幾千年封建專(zhuān)制政治向人民民主的偉大飛躍，中國(guó)人民從此站起來(lái)了，中國(guó)民主發(fā)展進(jìn)入新紀(jì)元，人民當(dāng)家作主從夢(mèng)想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。社會(huì)主義革命和建設(shè)時(shí)期，黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民建立和鞏固國(guó)家政權(quán)，對(duì)生產(chǎn)資料進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義改造，制定頒布新中國(guó)第一部憲法，確立人民代表大會(huì)制度、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度，人民當(dāng)家作主的政治架構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)、法律原則、制度框架基本確立并不斷發(fā)展，中國(guó)的民主大廈巍然聳立起來(lái)。改革開(kāi)放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)新時(shí)期，黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民堅(jiān)定不移推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義民主法治建設(shè)，堅(jiān)持中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義政治發(fā)展道路，堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主、依法治國(guó)有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)政治體制改革，鞏固和發(fā)展人民代表大會(huì)制度，進(jìn)一步完善中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度等基本政治制度，民主發(fā)展的政治制度保障和社會(huì)物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)更加堅(jiān)實(shí)。
 

The founding of the CPC in 1921 was like a beacon, illuminating the way towards democracy in China.

During the New Democratic Revolution (1919-1949), the Party led the people in their tenacious fight for democracy, resisting oppression and exploitation in the course of their struggle. Ultimately, victory was secured in the revolution. 

On October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded. This marked the ultimate transformation of the country from the rule of feudal autocracy, which had been in existence for several thousand years, to a people’s democracy. It proclaimed that the Chinese people had stood upright. It ushered in a new era for democracy in China. It turned a dream into reality – the people running their own country.

During socialist revolution and reconstruction (1949-1978), the CPC united and led the people in:

?building and consolidating state power;

?completing the socialist transformation of the means of production; 

?promulgating the first Constitution of the PRC; 

?establishing the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

The political structure, economic foundation, legal principles, and institutional framework for the people to run their country were all put in place and have since developed steadily. China’s tower of democracy was built on strong foundations and stands tall.

In the years of reform, opening up and socialist modernization after 1978, the Party led the people in advancing socialist democracy and the rule of law, sticking to the path of socialist political progress with Chinese characteristics.

It ensured the Party’s leadership, the people’s status as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and advanced reform of the political structure in an active and steady manner. The system of people’s congresses was consolidated and developed. The system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the system of community-level self-governance, and other basic political systems were improved. 

The political and institutional guarantees and material conditions for developing democracy were reinforced.

黨的十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，立足新的歷史方位，深刻把握中國(guó)社會(huì)主要矛盾發(fā)生的新變化，積極回應(yīng)人民對(duì)民主的新要求新期盼，深刻吸取古今中外治亂興衰的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，全面總結(jié)中國(guó)民主發(fā)展取得的顯著成就，團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民發(fā)展全過(guò)程人民民主，中國(guó)的民主發(fā)展進(jìn)入歷史新時(shí)期。堅(jiān)持和加強(qiáng)黨的全面領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，深化黨和國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)改革，黨對(duì)發(fā)展全過(guò)程人民民主的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，確立和堅(jiān)持中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義根本制度、基本制度、重要制度，人民當(dāng)家作主制度體系更加健全。全面推進(jìn)民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督，協(xié)同推進(jìn)選舉民主與協(xié)商民主，人民依法有序政治參與不斷擴(kuò)大，人民的民主生活豐富多彩。全過(guò)程人民民主，使人民當(dāng)家作主更好體現(xiàn)在國(guó)家政治生活和社會(huì)生活之中，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義政治制度優(yōu)越性得到更好發(fā)揮，生動(dòng)活潑、安定團(tuán)結(jié)的政治局面得到鞏固發(fā)展，激發(fā)和凝聚了中國(guó)人民奮斗新時(shí)代的磅礴力量。黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民，取得抗擊新冠肺炎疫情重大戰(zhàn)略成果，歷史性地解決絕對(duì)貧困問(wèn)題，全面建成小康社會(huì)，化解一系列重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，開(kāi)啟全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家新征程，向著全體人民共同富裕邁進(jìn)，全過(guò)程人民民主在中華大地展示出勃勃生機(jī)和強(qiáng)大生命力，中國(guó)人民的民主自信更加堅(jiān)定，中國(guó)的民主之路越走越寬廣。

Since the Party’s 18th National Congress in 2012, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core has built a keen understanding of how the principal challenge facing Chinese society has changed. It has worked hard to respond to the people’s new requirements and expectations for democracy. After drawing on past experience in maintaining order and stability across the world, and reviewing China’s progress in democracy, the CPC decided to develop whole-process people’s democracy, beginning a new stage of democracy. Some of the most important achievements are:

strengthening the CPC’s overall leadership, reforming Party and government institutions, and reinforcing the Party’s leadership over the development of whole-process people’s democracy;

modernizing China’s governance system and capacity;

establishing and upholding the fundamental, basic, and important systems of Chinese socialism, with a more complete institutional framework to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country;

advancing democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, management, and oversight, progressing electoral democracy and consultative democracy side by side, and expanding the people’s orderly political participation and the scope of democracy;

consolidating the people’s principal position in the country’s political and social life;

leveraging the institutional strengths of Chinese socialism; 

promoting political stability, unity and vitality;

building a nationwide force towards the country’s goals in the new era;

achieving a strategic success in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic;

ending absolute poverty, and completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. 

China has addressed major risks and set out on a new journey towards a modern socialist country and common prosperity, demonstrating the viability and strength of whole-process people’s democracy. The Chinese people have greater confidence in China’s democracy, and can now look forward to a bright future.

全過(guò)程人民民主，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民追求民主、發(fā)展民主、實(shí)現(xiàn)民主的偉大創(chuàng)造，是黨不斷推進(jìn)中國(guó)民主理論創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新、實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新的經(jīng)驗(yàn)結(jié)晶。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的奮斗史，是團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民探索、形成、發(fā)展全過(guò)程人民民主的奮斗史。全過(guò)程人民民主，是近代以來(lái)黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民長(zhǎng)期奮斗歷史邏輯、理論邏輯、實(shí)踐邏輯的必然結(jié)果，是堅(jiān)持黨的本質(zhì)屬性、踐行黨的根本宗旨的必然要求。全過(guò)程人民民主，充分彰顯社會(huì)主義國(guó)家性質(zhì)，充分彰顯人民主體地位，使人民意志得到更好體現(xiàn)、人民權(quán)益得到更好保障、人民創(chuàng)造活力進(jìn)一步激發(fā)。全過(guò)程人民民主，形成和發(fā)展于黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民爭(zhēng)取民族獨(dú)立、人民解放和實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、人民幸福的不懈奮斗，扎根在廣袤的中華大地，吸吮著中華民族漫長(zhǎng)奮斗積累的文化養(yǎng)分，學(xué)習(xí)借鑒人類(lèi)文明優(yōu)秀成果，符合中國(guó)國(guó)情，得到人民衷心擁護(hù)，具有深厚現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)和廣闊發(fā)展前景。全過(guò)程人民民主，具有完整的制度程序和完整的參與實(shí)踐，使選舉民主和協(xié)商民主這兩種重要民主形式更好結(jié)合起來(lái)，構(gòu)建起覆蓋960多萬(wàn)平方公里土地、14億多人民、56個(gè)民族的民主體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了最廣大人民的廣泛持續(xù)參與。全過(guò)程人民民主，既有鮮明的中國(guó)特色，也體現(xiàn)全人類(lèi)共同價(jià)值，為豐富和發(fā)展人類(lèi)政治文明貢獻(xiàn)了中國(guó)智慧、中國(guó)方案。

Whole-process people’s democracy is a creation of the CPC in leading the people to pursue, develop and realize democracy, embodying the Party’s innovation in advancing China’s democratic theories, systems and practices. The Party’s history of struggle is a course of rallying the people and leading them to explore, establish and develop whole-process people’s democracy. It is a logical outcome of history, theory and practice based on the strenuous efforts of the people under the leadership of the Party. It is a requisite for maintaining the very nature of the Party and fulfilling its fundamental purpose. 

Whole-process people’s democracy, giving full expression to the socialist nature of the state and the people’s principal position, serves to better represent the people’s will, protect their rights and fully unleash their potential to create. Whole-process people’s democracy has formed and developed in a nationwide effort, led by the CPC, to strive for national independence, the country’s prosperity, and the people’s liberation and wellbeing. It is rooted in this vast land, nourished by the culture and traditions of the Chinese civilization, and draws on the achievements of human civilization. Suited to the conditions in China and embraced by the people, it has solid foundations and a bright future.

Whole-process people’s democracy is a complete system with supporting mechanisms and procedures, and has been fully tested through wide participation. It integrates two major democratic models – electoral democracy and consultative democracy. It operates a democratic system covering a population of more than 1.4 billion from 56 ethnic groups of a vast country, making possible the wide and sustained participation of all its people. Whole-process people’s democracy has distinctive Chinese characteristics; it also exemplifies common values and contributes China’s ideas and solutions to the political progress of humanity. 

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，是中國(guó)發(fā)展全過(guò)程人民民主的根本保證。在中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)大國(guó)，真正把14億多人民的意愿表達(dá)好、實(shí)現(xiàn)好并不容易，必須有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)有力的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨始終堅(jiān)持以人民為中心、堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，真正為人民執(zhí)政、靠人民執(zhí)政；充分發(fā)揮總攬全局、協(xié)調(diào)各方的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心作用，保證黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民有效治理國(guó)家，保證人民民主的理念、方針、政策貫徹到國(guó)家政治生活和社會(huì)生活的方方面面；堅(jiān)持一切為了群眾，一切依靠群眾，從群眾中來(lái)，到群眾中去的群眾路線(xiàn)，密切同人民群眾的聯(lián)系，凝聚起最廣大人民的智慧和力量；堅(jiān)持黨內(nèi)民主，實(shí)行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督，帶動(dòng)和促進(jìn)人民民主的發(fā)展；健全選人用人制度機(jī)制，使各方面優(yōu)秀人才進(jìn)入黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體系和國(guó)家治理體系，確保黨和國(guó)家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)掌握在忠于馬克思主義、忠于黨、忠于人民的人手中；堅(jiān)持依法執(zhí)政、依法治國(guó)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)立法、保證執(zhí)法、支持司法、帶頭守法，通過(guò)法治保障黨的政策有效實(shí)施、保障人民當(dāng)家作主。

CPC leadership is the fundamental guarantee for whole-process people’s democracy. It is no easy job for a country as big as China to fully represent and address the concerns of its 1.4 billion people. It must have a robust and centralized leadership.

Committed to people-centered development and ensuring their principal status to run the country, the CPC governs for the people and by relying on the people. The CPC plays to the full its role as overall leader and coordinator in all areas of endeavor in every part of the country, to ensure that the people run the country effectively and that the people’s democracy is an overarching philosophy, principle and policy in the country’s political and social life.

The CPC follows the mass line – it is committed to doing everything for the people and relying on them, and follows the principle of “from the people, to the people”. It maintains close ties with the people and pools their wisdom and strength.

The CPC upholds democracy within the Party and practices democratic elections, decision-making, management and oversight, to better serve the development of people’s democracy. The CPC has improved its mechanism for selecting and appointing officials, enabling outstanding individuals in all sectors to enter the Party leadership teams and the government, and ensuring that the leadership of the Party and the state rests in the hands of those loyal to Marxism, the Party, and the people.

The CPC upholds law-based governance of the country. It exercises leadership over legislation, guarantees law enforcement, supports judicial justice, and plays an exemplary role in abiding by the law. Through advancing the rule of law, the Party ensures that its policies are effectively implemented and that the people run the country as its masters.

二、具有科學(xué)有效的制度安排

A Sound Institutional Framework

在中國(guó)，國(guó)家各項(xiàng)制度都是圍繞人民當(dāng)家作主構(gòu)建的，國(guó)家治理體系都是圍繞實(shí)現(xiàn)人民當(dāng)家作主運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，全過(guò)程人民民主具有完整的制度程序。這些制度程序，形成了全面、廣泛、有機(jī)銜接的人民當(dāng)家作主制度體系，構(gòu)建了多樣、暢通、有序的民主渠道，有效保證了黨的主張、國(guó)家意志、人民意愿相統(tǒng)一，有效保證了人民當(dāng)家作主。

In China, the people’s status as masters of the country is the bedrock of all the systems of the country, and underlies the operation of all the systems for state governance. Whole-process people’s democracy involves complete institutional procedures. These well-coordinatedand comprehensive institutional procedures serve to put into place diverse, open, and well-organized democratic channels to ensure that the Party’s policies and the state will are integrated with the people’s aspirations, and that the people are masters of the country.

1 實(shí)行人民民主專(zhuān)政的國(guó)體

The Governing System of the People’s Democratic Dictatorship

中國(guó)是工人階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專(zhuān)政的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。人民民主專(zhuān)政，體現(xiàn)中國(guó)的國(guó)家根本性質(zhì)。

The Constitution describes China as a socialist country governed by a people’s democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants. The fundamental nature of the state is defined by the people’s democratic dictatorship.

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持民主與專(zhuān)政有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，保證了人民當(dāng)家作主。一方面，始終堅(jiān)持人民民主專(zhuān)政中的“民主”，堅(jiān)持國(guó)家的一切權(quán)力屬于人民，保證人民依照憲法和法律規(guī)定，通過(guò)各種途徑和形式，管理國(guó)家事務(wù)，管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，管理社會(huì)事務(wù)；另一方面，始終堅(jiān)持人民民主專(zhuān)政中的“專(zhuān)政”，充分履行國(guó)家政權(quán)的專(zhuān)政職能，依法打擊破壞社會(huì)主義制度、顛覆國(guó)家政權(quán)、危害國(guó)家安全和公共安全等各種犯罪行為，維護(hù)法律尊嚴(yán)和法律秩序，保護(hù)國(guó)家和人民利益。民主和專(zhuān)政不是矛盾的，都是為了保證人民當(dāng)家作主。打擊極少數(shù)是為了保護(hù)大多數(shù)，實(shí)行專(zhuān)政是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)民主。

China upholds the unity of democracy and dictatorship to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. On the one hand, all power of the state belongs to the people to ensure that they administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the Constitution and laws; on the other hand, China takes resolute action against any attempt to subvert the country’s political power or endanger public or state security, to uphold the dignity and order of law and safeguard the interests of the people and the state. Democracy and dictatorship appear to be a contradiction in terms, but together they ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. A tiny minority is sanctioned in the interests of the great majority, and “dictatorship” serves democracy. 

2 實(shí)行人民代表大會(huì)制度的政體

The Governing Structure of the System of People’s Congresses

人民代表大會(huì)制度，是適應(yīng)人民民主專(zhuān)政國(guó)體的政權(quán)組織形式，是中國(guó)的根本政治制度，是中國(guó)人民當(dāng)家作主的根本途徑和最高實(shí)現(xiàn)形式，是實(shí)現(xiàn)全過(guò)程人民民主的重要制度載體。人民代表大會(huì)制度，堅(jiān)持國(guó)家一切權(quán)力屬于人民，最大限度保障人民當(dāng)家作主，把黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主、依法治國(guó)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，有效保證國(guó)家治理跳出治亂興衰的歷史周期率。人民代表大會(huì)制度，正確處理事關(guān)國(guó)家前途命運(yùn)的一系列重大政治關(guān)系，實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一有效組織各項(xiàng)事業(yè)，維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一和民族團(tuán)結(jié)，有效保證國(guó)家政治生活既充滿(mǎn)活力又安定有序。

The system of people’s congresses, an organizational form of political power compatible with the governing system of the people’s democratic dictatorship, is China’s fundamental political system, and the ultimate approach and optimal solution to guaranteeing the people’s status as masters of the country. It is also an important institutional support to whole-process people’s democracy. Under this system, all power of the state belongs to the people to guarantee their status as masters of the country. At the same time, it integrates the Party’s leadership, the people’s principal position, and the rule of law, to help the country avoid the historical cycle of rise and fall of ruling orders apparent through the centuries of imperial dynasty. Under this system, all the major political relationships with a bearing on the nation’s future are properly managed, and all social undertakings operate under the effective centralized organization of the state. This maintains national unity and ethnic solidarity, and ensures that vigor, stability and order prevail in the country’s political life.

人民通過(guò)人民代表大會(huì)有效行使國(guó)家權(quán)力。人民代表大會(huì)代表人民統(tǒng)一行使國(guó)家權(quán)力，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)是最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，地方人民代表大會(huì)是地方國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。各級(jí)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會(huì)產(chǎn)生，對(duì)人大負(fù)責(zé)、受人大監(jiān)督。人民代表大會(huì)有立法權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)、決定權(quán)、任免權(quán)。全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)及其常務(wù)委員會(huì)行使國(guó)家立法權(quán)，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)行使修改憲法以及制定和修改刑事、民事、國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)的和其他的基本法律的權(quán)力；全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)對(duì)國(guó)家主席、副主席，國(guó)務(wù)院總理、副總理及其他組成人員，中央軍事委員會(huì)主席及其他組成人員，國(guó)家監(jiān)察委員會(huì)主任，最高人民法院院長(zhǎng)，最高人民檢察院檢察長(zhǎng)行使人事任免權(quán)；全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)對(duì)事關(guān)國(guó)家發(fā)展、人民利益的重大問(wèn)題，包括國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃和計(jì)劃執(zhí)行情況的報(bào)告、國(guó)家的預(yù)算和預(yù)算執(zhí)行情況的報(bào)告行使審查和批準(zhǔn)權(quán)等；全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)及其常務(wù)委員會(huì)行使對(duì)憲法實(shí)施、“一府一委兩院”工作等的監(jiān)督權(quán)。地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)及其常務(wù)委員會(huì)依法行使相應(yīng)職權(quán)。人民代表大會(huì)制度，實(shí)現(xiàn)了廣泛民主，使各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)有高度的權(quán)力，保證了人民掌握和行使國(guó)家權(quán)力，國(guó)家和民族前途命運(yùn)牢牢掌握在人民手中。

The people exercise state power effectively through people’s congresses; people’s congresses exercise state power collectively on behalf of the people. The National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses at all levels are local agencies of state power. All administrative, supervisory, judicial, and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses, to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised. 

The people’s congresses have four main functions and powers: 

?Legislation. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to amend the Constitution and enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offenses, civil affairs, state agencies and other matters; 

?Appointment and removal of officials. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to appoint or remove the president and vice president(s) of the PRC, the premier, vice premier(s) and other members of the State Council, the chairperson and other members of the Central Military Commission, the chairperson of the National Supervisory Commission, the president of the Supreme People’s Court, and the procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate; 

?Decision-making. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to examine and approve major issues significant to national development and the interests of the people, such as the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and state budget and the report on its implementation;

?Supervision. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the right of overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution and the work of the State Council, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. 

Local people’s congresses and their standing committees exercise corresponding powers and functions as prescribed by law. The system of people’s congresses makes extensive democracy possible by empowering people’s congresses at all levels, to ensure that the people hold and exercise state power, and that they keep the nation’s future firmly in their hands.

人大代表充分反映人民呼聲。人大代表來(lái)自人民，橫向上，來(lái)自各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面、各階層；縱向上，全國(guó)、省、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)五級(jí)都有人民代表大會(huì)，具有廣泛代表性。截至2020年底，全國(guó)共有人大代表262萬(wàn)名，其中縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人大代表占代表總數(shù)的94.5%。人大代表充分發(fā)揮植根人民的優(yōu)勢(shì)，依法認(rèn)真履職盡責(zé)，通過(guò)各種形式和渠道聽(tīng)取和反映人民群眾的意見(jiàn)建議。一年一度的各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)會(huì)議，鄉(xiāng)、縣、市、省、全國(guó)自下而上、逐級(jí)召開(kāi)，使得人民群眾意愿和呼聲能夠真實(shí)反映、向上傳遞。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，每年的全國(guó)人大會(huì)議上，近3000名全國(guó)人大代表共商國(guó)家發(fā)展大計(jì)、共議民生熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人當(dāng)面傾聽(tīng)意見(jiàn)建議，讓人民的所思所盼融入國(guó)家發(fā)展頂層設(shè)計(jì)。各國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)依法認(rèn)真研究辦理人大代表提出的議案、建議，許多被吸納進(jìn)政策決策中。

The deputies to people’s congresses are fully representative of the people. They come from all regions, ethnic groups, sectors and social groups, and function at national, provincial, city, county and township levels. At the end of 2020, 2.62 million people were serving as deputies to people’s congresses at all levels nationwide. Among them, those at county and township levels accounted for 94.5 percent of the total. Making full use of their close connections with the people, these deputies diligently fulfill their duties by soliciting and submitting the people’s suggestions and advice through various forms and channels. 

The annual people’s congresses are first held from the grassroots upwards at township, county, city, and provincial levels and then at the highest national level, to take full cognizance of the people’s aspirations and report them to upper levels. Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, about 3,000 NPC deputies have gathered in the presence of the Party and state leaders at the NPC session each year to discuss plans for national development and problems affecting people’s lives, and to put the people’s expectations at the top of the agenda on state matters. Many of the motions and proposals put forward by deputies have been carefully reviewed and then included into policy decisions of state organs.

人民代表大會(huì)制度，為中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民有效治理國(guó)家提供了重要制度保障。黨通過(guò)人民代表大會(huì)制度，使黨的主張通過(guò)法定程序成為國(guó)家意志，使黨組織推薦的人選通過(guò)法定程序成為國(guó)家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員，通過(guò)國(guó)家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)實(shí)施黨對(duì)國(guó)家和社會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，維護(hù)黨和國(guó)家權(quán)威、維護(hù)全黨全國(guó)團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一。實(shí)踐充分證明，人民代表大會(huì)制度是符合中國(guó)國(guó)情和實(shí)際、體現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義國(guó)家性質(zhì)、保證人民當(dāng)家作主、保障實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的好制度，必須長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持、全面貫徹、不斷發(fā)展。

The system of people’s congresses has provided institutional guarantee for the CPC to lead the people in effectively running the country. It enables the Party to turn its proposals into state policies, and to place the candidates recommended by Party organizations into positions as state leaders through statutory procedures. It also empowers the organs of state governance to exercise the Party’s leadership over the country and society, to uphold the authority of the Party and the state, and to safeguard the unity and solidarity of the Party and the country. The system of people’s congresses is the optimal choice, in accord with China’s national conditions and realities. It embodies the socialist nature of the state and guarantees the people’s principal position and national rejuvenation. It must be fully implemented, further enriched, and maintained as a long-term institution.

3 堅(jiān)持和完善中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度

The System of Multiparty Cooperation and Political Consultation Under CPC Leadership

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。這一制度植根中國(guó)土壤、彰顯中國(guó)智慧，又積極借鑒和吸收人類(lèi)政治文明優(yōu)秀成果，是中國(guó)新型政黨制度。憲法規(guī)定，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度將長(zhǎng)期存在和發(fā)展。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is a basic element of China’s political framework. The Constitution stipulates, “The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.” A new model grown out of the soil of China, it also learns from other countries and absorbs the fruits of their political achievements. 

在中國(guó)，除了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，還有八個(gè)民主黨派。在人民民主的共同旗幟下，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨與各民主黨派長(zhǎng)期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共，形成了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度這一具有鮮明中國(guó)特色和顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)的新型政黨制度。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是執(zhí)政黨，八個(gè)民主黨派是接受中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、同中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨親密合作的參政黨，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的好參謀、好幫手、好同事。在中國(guó)，沒(méi)有反對(duì)黨，也沒(méi)有在野黨。中國(guó)既不是一黨專(zhuān)政，也不是多黨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、輪流執(zhí)政，而是“共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、多黨派合作，共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政、多黨派參政”。

In China, there are no opposition parties. But China’s political party system is not a system of one-party rule. Nor is it one in which multiple parties vie for power and govern in turn. It is a multiparty cooperation system in which the CPC exercises state power. In addition to the CPC, there are eight other political parties. The other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.

Under the shared banner of people’s democracy, and respecting the principles of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth, the CPC and the other parties have created a new political party system with distinctive Chinese features and strengths. 

The CPC is the governing party, and the other parties accept its leadership. They cooperate closely with the CPC and function as its advisors and assistants. 

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、無(wú)黨派人士以會(huì)議協(xié)商、約談協(xié)商、書(shū)面協(xié)商等形式，就國(guó)家和地方重大政策和重要事務(wù)進(jìn)行協(xié)商。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨自覺(jué)接受各民主黨派、無(wú)黨派人士的民主監(jiān)督。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、無(wú)黨派人士在國(guó)家政權(quán)中合作共事，民主黨派成員和無(wú)黨派人士在各級(jí)人大代表、人大常委會(huì)組成人員及人大專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)成員中均占一定數(shù)量，一些民主黨派成員和無(wú)黨派人士擔(dān)任國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。各民主黨派、無(wú)黨派人士緊緊圍繞國(guó)家中心工作，積極參政議政、建言獻(xiàn)策，為國(guó)家發(fā)展發(fā)揮作用。

Through forums, talks, and written and other forms of consultation, the CPC consults with the other parties and prominent individuals without affiliation to any political party (non-affiliates) on major national and local policies and matters. It willingly accepts the democratic scrutiny of the other parties and the non-affiliates. In the exercise of state power, the CPC works together with the other parties and the nonaffiliates. Members of the other parties and the non-affiliates account for a certain percentage of the total numbers of deputies to people’s congresses, the standing committees of people’s congresses, and the special committees of people’s congresses at all levels. Some of them occupy leading posts in state organs. The other parties and the non-affiliates actively deliberate on and participate in the administration of state affairs. They are valued advisors on key national programs and contributors to the development of the country. 

中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議是實(shí)行中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度的重要機(jī)構(gòu)。人民政協(xié)作為專(zhuān)門(mén)協(xié)商機(jī)構(gòu)，在協(xié)商中促進(jìn)廣泛團(tuán)結(jié)、推進(jìn)多黨合作、實(shí)踐人民民主，既秉承歷史傳統(tǒng)，又反映時(shí)代特征，充分體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)社會(huì)主義民主有事多商量、遇事多商量、做事多商量的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)，是國(guó)家治理體系的重要組成部分和具有中國(guó)特色的制度安排。在人民政協(xié)制度平臺(tái)上，各黨派團(tuán)體、各族各界人士發(fā)揮在界別群眾中的代表作用，通過(guò)全體會(huì)議、常委會(huì)會(huì)議、主席會(huì)議、專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)會(huì)議、專(zhuān)題協(xié)商會(huì)議、協(xié)商座談會(huì)議等，開(kāi)展提案、委員視察考察、專(zhuān)題調(diào)研、反映社情民意等經(jīng)常性工作，對(duì)國(guó)家大政方針、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)各領(lǐng)域重要問(wèn)題，在決策之前和決策實(shí)施之中進(jìn)行廣泛協(xié)商、平等協(xié)商、有序協(xié)商、真誠(chéng)協(xié)商，提出意見(jiàn)建議。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨采納和集中他們的意見(jiàn)建議，各黨派團(tuán)體、各族各界人士接受黨的主張并在各界別群眾中宣傳解釋黨的方針政策，增信釋疑，最廣泛地反映民意，最充分地集思廣益，最大限度地凝聚共識(shí)，鞏固團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的共同思想基礎(chǔ)。全國(guó)政協(xié)全體會(huì)議與全國(guó)人大會(huì)議每年同期召開(kāi)，政協(xié)委員不僅要討論政協(xié)的問(wèn)題，還要列席全國(guó)人大會(huì)議，參加對(duì)有關(guān)法律修改、“一府兩院”工作報(bào)告等的討論，這樣的制度安排真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了讓人人起來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)、人人監(jiān)督政府工作，形成了具有中國(guó)特色的“兩會(huì)”式民主。

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) serves as a key element of the multiparty mechanism. A specialized body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC promotes unity, strengthens multiparty cooperation, and practices people’s democracy in the process of political consultation. It maintains the traditions of the past, and keeps pace with the times. It reflects the distinctive features and strengths of China’s socialist democracy – problems are solved through consultation. It is a key component of the state governance system, and a distinctively Chinese political institution.

Through the institutions of the CPPCC, representatives from all political parties, people’s organizations, ethnic groups, and social sectors engage in political consultation. They carry out their routine duties through mechanisms such as plenary sessions, meetings of the standing committee, meetings of chairpersons, meetings of special committees, forums on specific subjects, and consultative seminars, and make proposals, conduct inspections and field surveys, and report on social conditions and public opinions on a regular basis. In this way, they conduct extensive, constructive consultations on an equal footing and in an orderly manner, and put forward opinions and suggestions on important national strategies and policies and major economic and social matters. The CPC collects these opinions and suggestions and adopts those which are sound, while the other participants accept the Party’s propositions and promote its guidelines and policies. In doing so, they increase trust and dispel doubts, convey the will of the people and draw on their wisdom, and build the broadest consensus, so as to form a shared ideological foundation for collective endeavors. 

When the annual sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC National Committee (Two Sessions) are held concurrently each year, members of the CPPCC National Committee submit proposals for deliberation. They also sit in on NPC sessions to participate in the discussions on the amendments to laws and on the work reports of the central government, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. This mechanism ensures that all the people can play a part in overseeing the work of the government, and forms China’s own model of democracy based on the Two Sessions. 

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，真實(shí)、廣泛、持久代表和實(shí)現(xiàn)最廣大人民根本利益、全國(guó)各族各界根本利益，有效避免了舊式政黨制度代表少數(shù)人、少數(shù)利益集團(tuán)的弊端；把各個(gè)政黨和無(wú)黨派人士緊密團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)、為著共同目標(biāo)而奮斗，有效避免了一黨缺乏監(jiān)督或者多黨輪流坐莊、惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的弊端；通過(guò)制度化、程序化、規(guī)范化的安排集中各種意見(jiàn)和建議、推動(dòng)決策科學(xué)化民主化，有效避免了舊式政黨制度囿于黨派利益、階級(jí)利益、區(qū)域和集團(tuán)利益決策施政導(dǎo)致社會(huì)撕裂的弊端。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is an extensive and reliable means of representing and fulfilling the interests of the maximum number of people of all ethnic groups and social sectors. It avoids the drawbacks of the old political party system that stood for only a small number of people and interest groups. It unites all political parties and the non-affiliates towards a common goal, effectively mitigating the risks of inadequate oversight in one-party rule, and the problems of continual transfers of governing parties and destructive competition in multiparty political systems. Through standardized institutional procedures and arrangements, it pools ideas and suggestions to ensure informed and democratic decision-making. It avoids the weakness of Western-style political party systems: When making decisions and exercising governance, political parties act in their own interests or the interests of the classes, regions and groups they represent, provoking division in society.

4 鞏固和發(fā)展最廣泛的愛(ài)國(guó)統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)

Broad Patriotic United Front

統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨凝聚人心、匯集力量的重要法寶。在人民民主實(shí)踐中，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨始終把統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)擺在重要位置，堅(jiān)持大團(tuán)結(jié)大聯(lián)合，堅(jiān)持一致性和多樣性相統(tǒng)一，統(tǒng)籌做好民主黨派和無(wú)黨派人士工作、黨外知識(shí)分子工作、民族工作、宗教工作、非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作、新的社會(huì)階層人士統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作、港澳臺(tái)統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作、海外統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)工作和僑務(wù)工作，團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的力量、調(diào)動(dòng)一切可以調(diào)動(dòng)的積極因素，廣泛凝聚共識(shí)，尋求最大公約數(shù)、畫(huà)出最大同心圓，不斷促進(jìn)政黨關(guān)系、民族關(guān)系、宗教關(guān)系、階層關(guān)系、海內(nèi)外同胞關(guān)系和諧，最大限度凝聚起中華民族一切智慧和力量。

The united front is an important structure through which the CPC earns popular support and pools strengths. In practicing people’s democracy, the Party has always placed the united front in an important position, striving to achieve great unity and solidarity and balance commonality and diversity. The Party has made coordinated efforts to unite the other political parties, the non-affiliates, intellectuals who are not CPC members, members of ethnic minorities and religious groups, people working in non-public sectors, people belonging to new social groups, compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese and returned Chinese nationals. It has combined all the forces that can be united and mobilized all positive factors to build a broad consensus, expand common ground, and achieve convergence of interests. In order to pool the wisdom and strength of the Chinese nation to the full, it has systematically promoted harmonious relations between political parties, between ethnic groups, between religions, between social groups and between Chinese people at home and overseas.

中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議是中國(guó)人民愛(ài)國(guó)統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線(xiàn)的組織。全國(guó)政協(xié)設(shè)34個(gè)界別，由中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨、各民主黨派、無(wú)黨派人士、人民團(tuán)體、各少數(shù)民族和各界的代表，香港特別行政區(qū)同胞、澳門(mén)特別行政區(qū)同胞、臺(tái)灣同胞和歸國(guó)僑胞的代表以及特別邀請(qǐng)的人士組成。全國(guó)政協(xié)十三屆一次會(huì)議共有委員2100多人，其中非中共黨員占60.2%。這樣的組織構(gòu)成，體現(xiàn)了大團(tuán)結(jié)大聯(lián)合的重要特征，能夠在熱愛(ài)中華人民共和國(guó)、擁護(hù)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、共同致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的政治基礎(chǔ)上，求同存異、聚同化異，最大限度地調(diào)動(dòng)一切積極因素、團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的人，最大限度凝聚起共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的強(qiáng)大力量。

The CPPCC is an organization of the Chinese people’s patriotic united front. It is composed of representatives from 34 sectors, including the CPC, the other political parties, the non-affiliates, people’s organizations, ethnic minority groups and other sectors, compatriots from the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan, returned Chinese nationals, and specially invited public figures. The First Session of the 13th National Committee of the CPPCC was attended by over 2,100 members, 60.2 percent of whom are non-CPC members. This demonstrates its important function as a center of unity and solidarity. It allows us to mobilize all positive factors and forces that cherish patriotism and support the CPC’s leadership, and build a strong alliance for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation by seeking common ground while setting aside differences. 

5 堅(jiān)持和完善民族區(qū)域自治制度

The System of Regional Ethnic Autonomy

中國(guó)是統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)，始終保持國(guó)家完整統(tǒng)一，實(shí)現(xiàn)各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨民族政策的方針宗旨。民族區(qū)域自治制度，是指在國(guó)家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實(shí)行區(qū)域自治，設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)的制度。民族區(qū)域自治制度在憲法以及民族區(qū)域自治法中得到明確，是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。

China is a unified multiethnic state. The CPC’s ethnic policies are built upon the goals of forging a keen sense of national identity, maintaining territorial integrity and national unification, and achieving common development and prosperity through the joint efforts of all ethnic groups. The system of regional ethnic autonomy means that areas with large ethnic minority populations can practice regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise the power of self-government under the unified leadership of the state. This basic political system is specified in the country’s Constitution and its Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy.

中國(guó)實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治，以領(lǐng)土完整、國(guó)家統(tǒng)一為前提和基礎(chǔ)，體現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)一與自治的結(jié)合、民族因素與區(qū)域因素的結(jié)合，完全符合中國(guó)國(guó)情和實(shí)際。中國(guó)的民族區(qū)域自治，是在國(guó)家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的自治，各民族自治地方都是中國(guó)不可分離的一部分，民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)都是中央政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的一級(jí)地方政權(quán)，都必須服從中央統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

China’s regional ethnic autonomy is autonomy under the unified leadership of the state. Territorial integrity and national unification are preconditions and foundations for regional ethnic autonomy, which combines unification with autonomy and ethnic factors with regional factors, and are thoroughly suited to China’s realities. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the country, and all autonomous organs of these areas are local governments subject to the unified leadership of the central government.

實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治，從制度和政策層面保障了少數(shù)民族公民享有平等自由權(quán)利以及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利。155個(gè)民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)中，均有實(shí)行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)或旗長(zhǎng)，均由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任。中國(guó)根據(jù)各少數(shù)民族的特點(diǎn)和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族地區(qū)加速經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化發(fā)展。

Regional ethnic autonomy provides institutional and policy guarantees to ensure that ethnic minority citizens enjoy rights to equality and freedom, and to economic, social and cultural services. On all standing committees of people’s congresses of the 155 ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the local ethnic groups assuming the office of chair or vice chair; all governors, prefectural commissioners, and heads of counties of ethnic autonomous areas are citizens from the ethnic groups. The central government assists all ethnic minority areas in accelerating their economic and cultural development based on the characteristics and needs of the ethnic minorities there.

民族區(qū)域自治制度，極大增強(qiáng)了各族人民當(dāng)家作主的自豪感責(zé)任感，極大調(diào)動(dòng)了各族人民共創(chuàng)中華民族美好未來(lái)、共享中華民族偉大榮光的積極性主動(dòng)性創(chuàng)造性。在這一制度框架下，中華民族大團(tuán)結(jié)的局面不斷鞏固，各族人民交往交流交融日益廣泛深入，平等團(tuán)結(jié)互助和諧的社會(huì)主義民族關(guān)系不斷發(fā)展，56個(gè)民族像石榴籽一樣緊緊抱在一起，中華民族共同體意識(shí)日益牢固。

The system of regional ethnic autonomy has greatly increased the sense of pride and responsibility of people of all ethnic groups and stimulated their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity in jointly steering the course to a bright future. Under this institutional framework, communication and exchanges between ethnic groups, and socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, have expanded. Ethnic unity has been reinforced, and a strong sense of national identity has been forged.

6 堅(jiān)持和完善基層群眾自治制度

The System of Community-Level Self-Governance

中國(guó)人口多、地域廣，基層治理差異大。中國(guó)實(shí)行以村民自治制度、居民自治制度和職工代表大會(huì)制度為主要內(nèi)容的基層群眾自治制度，人民群眾在基層黨組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和支持下，依法直接行使民主權(quán)利，實(shí)現(xiàn)自我管理、自我服務(wù)、自我教育、自我監(jiān)督，有效防止了人民形式上有權(quán)、實(shí)際上無(wú)權(quán)的現(xiàn)象。

Due to China’s huge population and vast territory, there is great diversity in community-level governance. China applies a system of community-level self-governance represented by villagers autonomy, urban residents autonomy, and employees congresses. Under the leadership and support of community-level Party organizations, local residents directly exercise the democratic right to manage their own affairs by serving the community, undertaking self-education, and exercising public scrutiny. This effectively ensures that the people’s rights are genuinely respected. 

村（居）民自治。村（居）民在基層黨組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，成立村（居）民委員會(huì)，依法直接行使民主權(quán)利，依法管理基層公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)。實(shí)行民主選舉，由村（居）民選舉村（居）民委員會(huì)組成人員；實(shí)行民主協(xié)商，由村（居）民采取多種形式開(kāi)展協(xié)商議事；實(shí)行民主決策，由村（居）民通過(guò)村（居）民會(huì)議或村（居）民代表會(huì)議對(duì)社區(qū)公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)等作出決定；實(shí)行民主管理，由村（居）民討論決定村（居）民自治章程、村規(guī)民約、居民公約等，并進(jìn)行自我管理；實(shí)行民主監(jiān)督，由村（居）民推選產(chǎn)生村（居）務(wù)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)，監(jiān)督村（社區(qū)）事務(wù)和村（居）務(wù)公開(kāi)制度落實(shí)。截至2020年底，50.3萬(wàn)個(gè)行政村全部建立了村民委員會(huì)，11.2萬(wàn)個(gè)社區(qū)全部建立了居民委員會(huì)。

Villagers and urban residents exercise self-governance. Under the leadership of community-level Party organizations, residents in China’s rural villages and urban communities establish villagers committees and residents committees, and directly exercise their democratic right to handle public affairs and public services in residential areas to which they belong:

?They hold democratic elections in which they elect villagers and residents committees. 

?They conduct democratic consultation on local affairs in various forms. 

?They practice democratic decision-making in handling community public affairs and public services through committee meetings and congresses.

?They carry out democratic management – they discuss and decide on their own rules on self-governance and codes of conduct and self-regulation, and run their affairs accordingly. 

?They exercise democratic oversight – they elect village and urban community affairs oversight committees to supervise the handling of their community affairs and guarantee information disclosure. 

As of the end of 2020, all the 503,000 administrative villages in China had established villagers committees, and all the 112,000 urban communities in the country had established residents committees.

企事業(yè)單位職工依法行使民主權(quán)利。企事業(yè)單位建立以職工代表大會(huì)為基本形式的民主管理制度，職工在企事業(yè)單位重大決策和涉及職工切身利益等重大事項(xiàng)上發(fā)揮積極作用；企事業(yè)單位推行職工董事、職工監(jiān)事制度，全面實(shí)行廠(chǎng)務(wù)公開(kāi)制度，探索領(lǐng)導(dǎo)接待日、勞資懇談會(huì)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)信箱等形式，反映職工訴求，協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系和保障職工合法權(quán)益，對(duì)單位生產(chǎn)和管理提出意見(jiàn)建議，為單位發(fā)展獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策。企業(yè)工會(huì)委員會(huì)是職工代表大會(huì)的工作機(jī)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)階段，中國(guó)共有280.9萬(wàn)個(gè)基層工會(huì)組織，覆蓋655.1萬(wàn)個(gè)企事業(yè)單位。

Employees in enterprises and public institutions exercise democratic rights. Enterprises and public institutions practice a system of democratic management whose basic form is employees congresses, so that workers and staff can play an active role in decision-making on important matters concerning their immediate interests. They are implementing a system of employees serving as board directors and board supervisors. They have all employed a system featuring open access to enterprise affairs and are experimenting with practices that include open days to communicate with leaders, employee-employer consultations, and letters and messages to senior executives. These efforts are designed to mediate labor relations, listen to workers’ voices, protect their lawful rights and interests, and collect complaints and suggestions on the operations, management and development of these entities. Corporate trade union committees are the operating mechanism of employees congresses. At present, there are 2.81 million primary-level trade unions in China, covering 6.55 million enterprises and public institutions.

基層民主創(chuàng)新十分活躍。從城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)里的村（居）民議事會(huì)、村（居）民論壇、民主懇談會(huì)、民主聽(tīng)證會(huì)到黨代表、人大代表、政協(xié)委員聯(lián)合進(jìn)社區(qū)，從“小院議事廳”到“板凳民主”，從線(xiàn)下“圓桌會(huì)”到線(xiàn)上“議事群”，中國(guó)人民在火熱的基層生活中，摸索創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)又一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)煙火氣的民主形式。人們通過(guò)這些接地氣、聚人氣的民主實(shí)踐，圍繞涉及自身利益的實(shí)際問(wèn)題，發(fā)表意見(jiàn)建議，進(jìn)行廣泛協(xié)商，利益得到協(xié)調(diào)，矛盾有效化解，促進(jìn)了基層穩(wěn)定和諧。基層民主許多好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法成為國(guó)家政策，為中國(guó)民主發(fā)展不斷注入新的動(dòng)力。

Democratic innovations demonstrate great vitality. The Chinese people have explored and initiated numerous popular and pragmatic grassroots practices – residents councils, residents workshops, democratic discussions and hearings, courtyard discussions, neighborhood meetings, offline roundtables and online group chats. They have arranged for representatives of Party committees, deputies to the people’s congresses, and CPPCC members to visit rural and urban communities. All these down-to-earth and pragmatic forms of democracy encourage people to voice their opinions and suggestions and conduct extensive consultation on matters related to their vital interests. This helps to coordinate the interests of multiple stakeholders, mitigate conflict, and maintain social stability and harmony at the grassroots level. Many successful grassroots experiences and practices have eventually turned into national policies, injecting new vitality into the development of China’s democracy.

基層群眾自治制度，增強(qiáng)了基層群眾的民主意識(shí)和民主能力，培養(yǎng)了基層群眾的民主習(xí)慣，充分彰顯了中國(guó)民主的廣泛性和真實(shí)性。基層群眾自治，使得社會(huì)細(xì)胞都活躍起來(lái)，使“微治理”富有活力、更有效率，為建設(shè)人人有責(zé)、人人盡責(zé)、人人享有的基層治理共同體提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)制度保障。

The system of community-level self-governance has strengthened the public’s ability to understand and practice democracy, demonstrating that China’s democracy is extensive and genuine. Community-level self-governance energizes all the “cells” of society. It makes grassroots governance more vibrant and efficient, and provides a solid institutional guarantee for a grassroots governance system in which responsibilities are shared and duly fulfilled, and achievements are enjoyed by all.